Tutorial 1.2 - Spatial analysis with Python

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In the first week, we will take a quick tour to Python’s (spatial) data science ecosystem and see how we can use some of the fundamental open source Python packages, such as:

• pandas / geopandas

• shapely

• pysal

• pyproj

• osmnx / pyrosm

• matplotlib (visualization)

As you can see, we won’t use any GIS software for doing the programming (such as ArcGIS/arcpy or QGIS), but focus on learning the open source packages that are independent from any specific software. These libraries form nowadays not only the core for modern spatial data science, but they are also fundamental parts of commercial applications used and developed by many companies around the world.

Note

If you have experience working with the Python’s spatial data science stack, this tutorial probably does not bring much new to you, but to get everyone on the same page, we will all go through this introductory tutorial.

Contents:

• Reading / writing spatial data

• Retrieving OpenStreetMap data

• Reprojections

• Spatial join

• Plotting data with matplotlib

Fundamental library: Geopandas

In this course, the most often used Python package that you will learn is geopandas. Geopandas makes it possible to work with geospatial data in Python in a relatively easy way. Geopandas combines the capabilities of the data analysis library pandas with other packages like shapely and fiona for managing spatial data. The main data structures in geopandas are GeoSeries and GeoDataFrame which extend the capabilities of Series and DataFrames from pandas. In case you wish to have additional help getting started with pandas, we recommend you to take a look lessons 5 and 6 from the openly available Geo-Python -course. The main difference between GeoDataFrames and pandas DataFrames is that a GeoDataFrame should contain (at least) one column for geometries. By default, the name of this column is 'geometry'. The geometry column is a GeoSeries which contains the geometries (points, lines, polygons, multipolygons etc.) as shapely objects.

Reading and writing spatial data

Next we will learn some of the basic functionalities of geopandas. We have a couple of GeoJSON files stored in the data folder that we will use.

We can read the data easily with read_file() -function:

import geopandas as gpd

# Filepath
fp = "data/buildings.geojson"

# Read the file
data = gpd.read_file(fp)

# How does it look?
data.head()

	addr:city	addr:country	addr:housenumber	addr:housename	addr:postcode	addr:street	email	name	opening_hours	operator	...	start_date	wikipedia	id	timestamp	version	tags	osm_type	internet_access	changeset	geometry
0	Helsinki	None	29	None	00170	Unioninkatu	None	None	None	None	...	None	None	4253124	1542041335	4	None	way	None	NaN	POLYGON ((24.95121 60.16999, 24.95122 60.16988...
1	Helsinki	None	2	None	00100	Kaivokatu	ainfo@ateneum.fi	Ateneum	Tu, Fr 10:00-18:00; We-Th 10:00-20:00; Sa-Su 1...	None	...	1887	fi:Ateneumin taidemuseo	8033120	1544822447	27	{'architect': 'Theodor Höijer', 'contact:websi...	way	None	NaN	POLYGON ((24.94477 60.16982, 24.94450 60.16981...
2	Helsinki	FI	22-24	None	None	Mannerheimintie	None	Lasipalatsi	None	None	...	1936	fi:Lasipalatsi	8035238	1533831167	23	{'name:fi': 'Lasipalatsi', 'name:sv': 'Glaspal...	way	None	NaN	POLYGON ((24.93561 60.17045, 24.93555 60.17054...
3	Helsinki	None	2	None	00100	Mannerheiminaukio	None	Kiasma	Tu 10:00-17:00; We-Fr 10:00-20:30; Sa 10:00-18...	None	...	1998	fi:Kiasma (rakennus)	8042215	1553963033	30	{'name:en': 'Museum of Modern Art Kiasma', 'na...	way	None	NaN	POLYGON ((24.93682 60.17152, 24.93662 60.17150...
4	None	FI	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	...	None	None	15243643	1546289715	7	None	way	None	NaN	POLYGON ((24.93675 60.16779, 24.93660 60.16789...

5 rows × 34 columns

As we can see, the GeoDataFrame contains various attributes in separate columns. The geometry column contains the spatial information. We can take a look of some of the basic information about our GeoDataFrame with command:

data.info()

<class 'geopandas.geodataframe.GeoDataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 486 entries, 0 to 485
Data columns (total 34 columns):
 #   Column              Non-Null Count  Dtype   
---  ------              --------------  -----   
 0   addr:city           86 non-null     object  
 1   addr:country        57 non-null     object  
 2   addr:housenumber    88 non-null     object  
 3   addr:housename      4 non-null      object  
 4   addr:postcode       54 non-null     object  
 5   addr:street         89 non-null     object  
 6   email               2 non-null      object  
 7   name                81 non-null     object  
 8   opening_hours       8 non-null      object  
 9   operator            7 non-null      object  
 10  phone               8 non-null      object  
 11  ref                 1 non-null      object  
 12  url                 8 non-null      object  
 13  website             20 non-null     object  
 14  building            486 non-null    object  
 15  amenity             26 non-null     object  
 16  building:levels     162 non-null    object  
 17  building:material   2 non-null      object  
 18  building:min_level  4 non-null      object  
 19  height              17 non-null     object  
 20  landuse             2 non-null      object  
 21  office              5 non-null      object  
 22  shop                5 non-null      object  
 23  source              3 non-null      object  
 24  start_date          87 non-null     object  
 25  wikipedia           47 non-null     object  
 26  id                  486 non-null    int64   
 27  timestamp           486 non-null    int64   
 28  version             486 non-null    int64   
 29  tags                181 non-null    object  
 30  osm_type            486 non-null    object  
 31  internet_access     1 non-null      object  
 32  changeset           66 non-null     float64 
 33  geometry            486 non-null    geometry
dtypes: float64(1), geometry(1), int64(3), object(29)
memory usage: 129.2+ KB

From here, we can see that our data is indeed a GeoDataFrame object with 486 entries and 34 columns. You can also get descriptive statistics of your data by calling:

data.describe()

	id	timestamp	version	changeset
count	4.860000e+02	4.860000e+02	486.000000	66.0
mean	1.400780e+08	1.455829e+09	4.849794	0.0
std	1.633527e+08	9.247528e+07	4.561162	0.0
min	8.253000e+03	1.197929e+09	1.000000	0.0
25%	2.294267e+07	1.374229e+09	2.000000	0.0
50%	1.228699e+08	1.493288e+09	3.000000	0.0
75%	1.359805e+08	1.530222e+09	7.000000	0.0
max	1.042029e+09	1.555840e+09	31.000000	0.0

In this case, we didn’t have many columns with numerical data, but typically you have numeric values in your dataset and this is a good way to get a quick view how the data look like.

Naturally, as the data is spatial, we want to visualize it to understand the nature of the data better. We can do this easily with plot() method:

data.plot()

<AxesSubplot:>

Now we can see that the data indeed represents buildings (in central Helsinki). Naturally we can also write this data to disk. Geopandas supports writing data to various data formats as well as to PostGIS which is the most widely used open source database for GIS. Let’s write the data as a Shapefile to the same data directory from where we read the data. When writing data to local disk you can use to_file() method that exports the data in Shapefile format by default:

# Output filepath
outfp = "data/buildings_copy.shp"
data.to_file(outfp)

Retrieving data from OpenStreetMap

Now we have seen how to read spatial data from disk. OpenStreetMap (OSM) is probably the most well known and widely used spatial dataset/database in the world. Also in this course, we will use OSM data frequently. Hence, let’s see how we can retrieve data from OSM using a library called pyrosm. With pyrosm you can easily download and extract data from anywhere in the world based on OSM.PBF files that are distributed e.g. by Geofabrik. The tool aims to be an efficient way to parse OSM data covering large geographical areas (such as countries and cities), but as a downside, it is a bit limited in a sense how you can define your area of interest. With pyrosm you can extract OSM data from 654 regions in the world (covering all countries plus many city regions, see docs for further info).

Note

In case you want to extract OSM data from smaller areas, e.g. using a buffer of 2 km around a specific location, we recommend using OSMnx library, which is more flexible in terms of specifying the area of interest.

Let’s see how we can download and extract OSM data for Helsinki Region using pyrosm:

from pyrosm import OSM, get_data

# Download data for Helsinki
fp = get_data("helsinki")

# Initialize the reader object for Helsinki
osm = OSM(fp)

Downloaded Protobuf data 'Helsinki.osm.pbf' (28.79 MB) to:
'/tmp/pyrosm/Helsinki.osm.pbf'

As a first step, we downloaded the data for “Helsinki” using the get_data function, which is a helper function that automates the data downloading process and stores the data locally in a temporary folder (inside /tmp/ in this case). The next step that we did, was to initialize a reader object called OSM. The OSM takes the filepath to a given osm.pbf file as an input. Notice that at this point we didn’t yet read any data into GeoDataFrame.

OSM is a “database of the world”, hence it contains a lot of information about different things. With pyrosm you can easily extract information about:

• street networks –> osm.get_network()

• buildings –> osm.get_buildings()

• Points of Interest (POI) –> osm.get_pois()

• landuse –> osm.get_landuse()

• natural elements –> osm.get_natural()

• boundaries –> osm.get_boundaries()

Let’s see how we can read all the buildings from Helsinki Region:

buildings = osm.get_buildings()

buildings.head()

	addr:city	addr:country	addr:full	addr:housenumber	addr:housename	addr:postcode	addr:place	addr:street	email	name	...	source	start_date	wikipedia	id	timestamp	version	geometry	tags	osm_type	changeset
0	Espoo	FI	None	2	None	02150	None	Konemiehentie	None	Aalto Tietotekniikka	...	None	1998	None	4217650	0	-1	POLYGON ((24.82129 60.18718, 24.82164 60.18712...	{"alt_name":"T-talo","loc_name":"Tikkitalo","n...	way	NaN
1	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	...	None	None	None	4217760	0	-1	POLYGON ((24.83776 60.18905, 24.83796 60.18938...	{"access":"private","parking":"multi-storey","...	way	NaN
2	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	...	None	None	None	4220761	0	-1	POLYGON ((24.85599 60.20719, 24.85590 60.20719...	None	way	NaN
3	Helsinki	FI	None	5	Uimastadion	00250	None	Hammarskjöldintie	None	Uimastadion	...	None	None	None	4252923	0	-1	POLYGON ((24.93076 60.18914, 24.93067 60.18898...	{"leisure":"stadium","name:en":"Swimming Stadi...	way	NaN
4	Espoo	None	None	9	None	02150	None	Otaniementie	None	Aalto-yliopisto Harald Herlin -oppimiskeskus	...	Bing	None	None	4252948	0	-1	POLYGON ((24.82740 60.18514, 24.82806 60.18480...	{"name:en":"Aalto University Harald Herlin Lea...	way	NaN

5 rows × 40 columns

Let’s check how many buildings did we get:

len(buildings)

153642

Okay, so there are more than 150 thousand buildings in the Helsinki Region. Naturally, we would like to see them on a map. Let’s plot our data using plot() (might take some time as there are many objects to plot):

buildings.plot()

<AxesSubplot:>

Great! As a result we got a map that seems to look correct.

Reprojecting data

As we can see from the previous maps that we have produced, the coordinates on the x and y axis hint that our geometries are represented in decimal degrees (WGS84). In many cases, you want to reproject your data to another CRS. Luckily, doing that is easy with geopandas. Let’s first take a look what the Coordinate Reference System (CRS) of our GeoDataFrame is. We can access the CRS information of the GeoDataFrame by accessing an attribute called crs:

buildings.crs

<Geographic 2D CRS: EPSG:4326>
Name: WGS 84
Axis Info [ellipsoidal]:
- Lat[north]: Geodetic latitude (degree)
- Lon[east]: Geodetic longitude (degree)
Area of Use:
- name: World
- bounds: (-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0)
Datum: World Geodetic System 1984
- Ellipsoid: WGS 84
- Prime Meridian: Greenwich

As a result, we get information about the CRS, and we can see that the data is indeed in WGS84. We can also see that the EPSG code for the CRS is 4326. We can easily reproject our data by using a method to_crs(). The easiest way to use the method is to specify the destination CRS as an EPSG code. Let’s reproject our data into EPSG 3067 which is the most widely used projected coordinate reference system used in Finland, EUREF-FIN:

projected = buildings.to_crs(epsg=3067)
projected.crs

<Projected CRS: EPSG:3067>
Name: ETRS89 / TM35FIN(E,N)
Axis Info [cartesian]:
- E[east]: Easting (metre)
- N[north]: Northing (metre)
Area of Use:
- name: Finland
- bounds: (19.08, 58.84, 31.59, 70.09)
Coordinate Operation:
- name: TM35FIN
- method: Transverse Mercator
Datum: European Terrestrial Reference System 1989
- Ellipsoid: GRS 1980
- Prime Meridian: Greenwich

As we can see, now we have an Projected CRS as a result. To confirm the difference, let’s take a look at the geometry of the first row in our original buildings GeoDataFrame and the projected GeoDataFrame. To select a specific row in data, we can use the loc indexing:

orig_geom = buildings.loc[0, "geometry"]
projected_geom = projected.loc[0, "geometry"]

print("Orig:\n", orig_geom, "\n")
print("Proj:\n", projected_geom)

Orig:
 POLYGON ((24.8212885 60.1871792, 24.8216351 60.1871237, 24.8218626 60.1870873, 24.8218641 60.1870934, 24.8218654 60.1870987, 24.8219228 60.1870952, 24.8219186 60.1870783, 24.8219949 60.1870661, 24.8225411 60.1869791, 24.8224862 60.186896, 24.8224626 60.1868996, 24.8224423 60.1869026, 24.8223976 60.1867789, 24.8221329 60.1867998, 24.8221083 60.1867761, 24.8220836 60.1867524, 24.822336 60.186716, 24.8223039 60.186662, 24.8223248 60.1866583, 24.8223455 60.1866546, 24.8222782 60.1865828, 24.8222717 60.1865839, 24.8217847 60.1866948, 24.821782 60.1866868, 24.821718 60.1866924, 24.821721 60.1867002, 24.8217239 60.1867078, 24.8211387 60.1867604, 24.8211339 60.1867474, 24.8210732 60.1867528, 24.8210758 60.18676, 24.8210779 60.1867659, 24.8204964 60.1868181, 24.8204917 60.186805, 24.8204286 60.1868107, 24.8204316 60.1868189, 24.8204333 60.1868238, 24.8203009 60.1868357, 24.8203177 60.1868814, 24.8203355 60.18688, 24.820371 60.1869699, 24.8204695 60.186961, 24.8204728 60.18697, 24.8204764 60.18698, 24.820483 60.1869963, 24.8205879 60.1872905, 24.8206157 60.1873401, 24.8206263 60.1873572, 24.8209968 60.1872991, 24.8209637 60.1872465, 24.8209549 60.1872326, 24.821232 60.1871882, 24.8212332 60.1871951, 24.8212348 60.1872038, 24.8212923 60.1872013, 24.8212885 60.1871792)) 

Proj:
 POLYGON ((379178.3725997981 6674250.711355622, 379197.3848824766 6674243.898270451, 379209.8642355002 6674239.429592708, 379209.9698097793 6674240.105962586, 379210.0613564497 6674240.693634215, 379213.2308787974 6674240.198960315, 379212.9359337318 6674238.325163864, 379217.1213550152 6674236.827341885, 379247.08437153 6674226.142463202, 379243.7353683548 6674216.991336721, 379242.4401472288 6674217.435292421, 379241.3256829249 6674217.806414308, 379238.3930495286 6674204.116628114, 379223.7941370049 6674206.927641303, 379222.343184846 6674204.334118548, 379220.8866864759 6674201.740779295, 379234.7467383571 6674197.226635681, 379232.768672102 6674191.273522315, 379233.9138384764 6674190.823369212, 379235.0479165341 6674190.373582317, 379231.0528703418 6674182.503181034, 379230.6965310586 6674182.63753462, 379204.1032204548 6674195.875016209, 379203.9241322995 6674194.989314756, 379200.3963642038 6674195.729866023, 379200.5913512165 6674196.592752348, 379200.7800590387 6674197.433555618, 379168.5282306731 6674204.360432023, 379168.2143285879 6674202.92192481, 379164.8687999398 6674203.634204664, 379165.0394128716 6674204.431023199, 379165.1775265622 6674205.084027647, 379133.129487243 6674211.959913267, 379132.8207482077 6674210.510092845, 379129.343272631 6674211.260198221, 379129.5397465113 6674212.16761301, 379129.6520130131 6674212.710018366, 379122.355162651 6674214.277255361, 379123.4546156952 6674219.334283684, 379124.4363452866 6674219.145831282, 379126.735067006 6674229.089415575, 379132.163420909 6674227.918240647, 379132.3794672409 6674228.914170477, 379132.6158224508 6674230.020881242, 379133.0416649691 6674231.823479696, 379139.9390695336 6674264.384770593, 379141.6626842505 6674269.855854501, 379142.31322685 6674271.740195557, 379162.640842104 6674264.593717466, 379160.6123887796 6674258.79833438, 379160.0734109332 6674257.266952087, 379175.2732003523 6674251.816728769, 379175.3650882723 6674252.582710911, 379175.4857679585 6674253.548355347, 379178.6644948177 6674253.16479852, 379178.3725997981 6674250.711355622))

As we can see the coordinates that form our Polygon has changed from decimal degrees to meters. Let’s see what happens if we just call the geometries:

orig_geom

projected_geom

As you can see, we can draw the geometry directly in the screen, and we can easily see the difference in the shape of the two geometries. The orig_geom and projected_geom variables contain a Shapely geometry which is Polygon in this case. We can confirm this by checking the type:

type(orig_geom)

shapely.geometry.polygon.Polygon

These shapely geometries are used as the underlying data structure in most GIS packages in Python to present geometrical information. Shapely is fundamentally a Python wrapper for GEOS which is widely used library (written in C++) under the hood of many GIS softwares such as QGIS, GDAL, GRASS, PostGIS, Google Earth etc. Currently, there is ongoing work to vectorize all the GEOS functionalities for Python and bring those eventually into Shapely which will greatly boost the performance of all geometry related operations in Python ecosystem (approaching the same efficiency as PostGIS). Some of these improvements can already be found under the hood of latest version of geopandas.

Calculating area

One thing that is quite often interesting to know when working with spatial data, is the area of the geometries. In geopandas, we can easily calculate e.g. the area for each of our buildings by:

projected["building_area"] = projected.area
projected["building_area"].describe()

count    153642.000000
mean        290.498895
std         951.149675
min           0.000000
25%          69.514452
50%         143.880110
75%         264.057998
max       81335.830442
Name: building_area, dtype: float64

We calculated the area by calling area which is the attribute containing information about areas of the buildings measured based on the map units of the data. Hence, in this case because our data is projected in Euref-FIN the units that we stored in "building_area" column are square meters. It’s important to always keep in mind the CRS when calculating areas, distances etc. with geometries.

Spatial join

A commonly needed GIS functionality, is to be able to merge information between two layers using location as the key. Hence, it is somewhat similar approach as table join but because the operation is based on geometries, it is called spatial join. Next, we will see how we can conduct a spatial join and merge information between two layers. We will read all restaurants from the OSM for Helsinki Region, and combine information from restaurants to the underlying building (restaurants typically are within buildings). We will again use pyrosm for reading the data, but this time we will use get_pois() function:

# Read Points of Interest using the same OSM reader object that was initialized earlier
restaurants = osm.get_pois(custom_filter={"amenity": ["restaurant"]})
restaurants.plot()

<AxesSubplot:>

restaurants.info()

<class 'geopandas.geodataframe.GeoDataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 1388 entries, 0 to 1387
Data columns (total 36 columns):
 #   Column            Non-Null Count  Dtype   
---  ------            --------------  -----   
 0   changeset         1338 non-null   float64 
 1   tags              1157 non-null   object  
 2   lon               1338 non-null   float32 
 3   id                1388 non-null   int64   
 4   timestamp         1388 non-null   int64   
 5   version           1388 non-null   int8    
 6   lat               1338 non-null   float32 
 7   addr:city         916 non-null    object  
 8   addr:country      392 non-null    object  
 9   addr:housenumber  929 non-null    object  
 10  addr:housename    130 non-null    object  
 11  addr:postcode     864 non-null    object  
 12  addr:place        1 non-null      object  
 13  addr:street       968 non-null    object  
 14  email             182 non-null    object  
 15  name              1365 non-null   object  
 16  opening_hours     673 non-null    object  
 17  operator          51 non-null     object  
 18  phone             438 non-null    object  
 19  ref               6 non-null      object  
 20  url               34 non-null     object  
 21  website           810 non-null    object  
 22  amenity           1388 non-null   object  
 23  bar               13 non-null     object  
 24  cafe              1 non-null      object  
 25  internet_access   13 non-null     object  
 26  office            3 non-null      object  
 27  pub               2 non-null      object  
 28  restaurant        1 non-null      object  
 29  source            44 non-null     object  
 30  start_date        28 non-null     object  
 31  wikipedia         3 non-null      object  
 32  geometry          1388 non-null   geometry
 33  osm_type          1388 non-null   object  
 34  building          48 non-null     object  
 35  building:levels   8 non-null      object  
dtypes: float32(2), float64(1), geometry(1), int64(2), int8(1), object(29)
memory usage: 370.2+ KB

As we can see, the OSM for Helsinki Region contains 1388 restaurants altogether. As you can probably guess, the OSM data is far from “perfect” in terms of the quality of the restaurant listings. This is due to the voluntary nature of adding information to the OpenStreetMap, and the fact restaurants (as well as other POI features) are highly dynamic by nature, i.e. new amenities open and close all the time, and it is challenging to keep up to date with those changes (this is a challenge even for commercial companies).

Joining data from buildings to the restaurants can be done easily using sjoin() function from geopandas:

# Join information from buildings to restaurants
join = gpd.sjoin(restaurants, buildings)

# Print column names
print(join.columns)

# Show rows
join

Index(['changeset_left', 'tags_left', 'lon', 'id_left', 'timestamp_left',
       'version_left', 'lat', 'addr:city_left', 'addr:country_left',
       'addr:housenumber_left', 'addr:housename_left', 'addr:postcode_left',
       'addr:place_left', 'addr:street_left', 'email_left', 'name_left',
       'opening_hours_left', 'operator_left', 'phone_left', 'ref_left',
       'url_left', 'website_left', 'amenity_left', 'bar', 'cafe',
       'internet_access_left', 'office_left', 'pub', 'restaurant',
       'source_left', 'start_date_left', 'wikipedia_left', 'geometry',
       'osm_type_left', 'building_left', 'building:levels_left', 'index_right',
       'addr:city_right', 'addr:country_right', 'addr:full',
       'addr:housenumber_right', 'addr:housename_right', 'addr:postcode_right',
       'addr:place_right', 'addr:street_right', 'email_right', 'name_right',
       'opening_hours_right', 'operator_right', 'phone_right', 'ref_right',
       'url_right', 'website_right', 'building_right', 'amenity_right',
       'building:flats', 'building:levels_right', 'building:material',
       'building:min_level', 'building:use', 'craft', 'height',
       'internet_access_right', 'landuse', 'levels', 'office_right', 'shop',
       'source_right', 'start_date_right', 'wikipedia_right', 'id_right',
       'timestamp_right', 'version_right', 'tags_right', 'osm_type_right',
       'changeset_right'],
      dtype='object')

	changeset_left	tags_left	lon	id_left	timestamp_left	version_left	lat	addr:city_left	addr:country_left	addr:housenumber_left	...	shop	source_right	start_date_right	wikipedia_right	id_right	timestamp_right	version_right	tags_right	osm_type_right	changeset_right
0	0.0	{"contact:website":"http://www.pikkuranska.com...	24.866842	25279508	0	0	60.208969	None	None	None	...	None	None	1957	None	28175497	0	-1	{"architect":"Eliel Muoniovaara","source:archi...	way	NaN
1	0.0	{"toilets:wheelchair":"yes","was:name":"Antin ...	24.883369	27392509	0	0	60.181183	None	None	None	...	None	None	None	None	26405360	0	-1	None	way	NaN
2	0.0	{"cuisine":"nepalese","takeaway":"yes"}	25.042477	50812719	0	0	60.206657	Helsinki	FI	4	...	None	None	None	None	15505662	0	-1	None	way	NaN
3	0.0	{"wheelchair":"yes"}	25.030569	50818866	0	0	60.195324	Helsinki	None	14	...	None	None	1991	None	10637173	0	-1	{"building:maintenance:operator":"Lassila&Tika...	way	NaN
4	0.0	{"outdoor_seating":"yes","takeaway":"no","whee...	25.041740	50820888	0	0	60.190361	None	None	None	...	None	None	None	None	47855788	0	-1	{"fixme":"shape"}	way	NaN
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
1385	NaN	{"description":"Suomen paras pihvipaikka - ja ...	NaN	583343945	0	-1	NaN	Espoo	None	16	...	None	None	None	None	583343945	0	-1	{"description":"Suomen paras pihvipaikka - ja ...	way	NaN
1385	NaN	{"description":"Suomen paras pihvipaikka - ja ...	NaN	583343945	0	-1	NaN	Espoo	None	16	...	None	None	None	None	583343944	0	-1	None	way	NaN
1386	NaN	{"contact:website":"http://loylyhelsinki.fi/",...	NaN	625576876	0	-1	NaN	Helsinki	None	4	...	None	None	None	None	466092407	0	-1	None	way	NaN
1386	NaN	{"contact:website":"http://loylyhelsinki.fi/",...	NaN	625576876	0	-1	NaN	Helsinki	None	4	...	None	None	None	None	625576876	0	-1	{"contact:website":"http://loylyhelsinki.fi/",...	way	NaN
1387	NaN	None	NaN	832179600	0	-1	NaN	Sipoo	None	262	...	None	None	None	None	832179600	0	-1	None	way	NaN

1368 rows × 76 columns

# Visualize the data as well
join.plot()

<AxesSubplot:>

As we can see from the above, now we have merged information from the buildings to restaurants. The geometries of the left GeoDataFrame, i.e. restaurants were kept by default as the geometries.

Selecting data using sjoin

One handy trick and efficient trick for spatial join is to use it for selecting data. We can e.g. select all buildings that intersect with restaurants by conducting the spatial join other way around, i.e. using the buildings as the left GeoDataFrame and the restaurants as the right GeoDataFrame:

# Merge information from restaurants to buildings (conducts selection at the same time)
join2 = gpd.sjoin(buildings, restaurants, how="inner", op="intersects")
join2.plot()

<AxesSubplot:>

As we can see (although the small building geometries are a bit poorly visible), the end result is a layer of buildings which intersected with the restaurants. This is a straightforward way to conduct simple spatial queries. You can specify with op parameter whether the binary predicate between the layers (i.e. the spatial relation between geometries) should be:

• intersects

• contains

• within

Plotting data with matplotlib

Thus far, we haven’t really made any effort to make our maps visually appealing. Let’s next see how we can adjust the appearance of our map, and how we can visualize many layers on top of each other. Let’s start by visualizing the buildings that we selected earlier and adjust a bit of the colors and figuresize. We can adjust the color of polygons with facecolor parameter and the figure size with figsize parameter that accepts a tuple of width and height as an argument:

ax = join2.plot(facecolor="red", figsize=(12,12))

join2.columns

Index(['addr:city_left', 'addr:country_left', 'addr:full',
       'addr:housenumber_left', 'addr:housename_left', 'addr:postcode_left',
       'addr:place_left', 'addr:street_left', 'email_left', 'name_left',
       'opening_hours_left', 'operator_left', 'phone_left', 'ref_left',
       'url_left', 'website_left', 'building_left', 'amenity_left',
       'building:flats', 'building:levels_left', 'building:material',
       'building:min_level', 'building:use', 'craft', 'height',
       'internet_access_left', 'landuse', 'levels', 'office_left', 'shop',
       'source_left', 'start_date_left', 'wikipedia_left', 'id_left',
       'timestamp_left', 'version_left', 'geometry', 'tags_left',
       'osm_type_left', 'changeset_left', 'index_right', 'changeset_right',
       'tags_right', 'lon', 'id_right', 'timestamp_right', 'version_right',
       'lat', 'addr:city_right', 'addr:country_right',
       'addr:housenumber_right', 'addr:housename_right', 'addr:postcode_right',
       'addr:place_right', 'addr:street_right', 'email_right', 'name_right',
       'opening_hours_right', 'operator_right', 'phone_right', 'ref_right',
       'url_right', 'website_right', 'amenity_right', 'bar', 'cafe',
       'internet_access_right', 'office_right', 'pub', 'restaurant',
       'source_right', 'start_date_right', 'wikipedia_right', 'osm_type_right',
       'building_right', 'building:levels_right'],
      dtype='object')

Now with the bigger figure size, it is already a bit easier to see the selected buildings that have a restaurant inside them (according OSM). Let’s color our buildings based on the building type. Hence, each building type category will receive a different color:

ax = join2.plot(column="building_left", cmap="RdYlBu", figsize=(12,12), legend=True)

Now we used the parameter column to specify the attribute that is used to specify the color for each building (can be categorical or continuous). We used cmap to specify the colormap for the categories and we added the legend by specifying legend=True. It is still a bit tricky to see what happens in our map. Luckily it is easy to zoom in to our map by using a specific commands (set_xlim() and set_ylim() that control the axis of our visualization:

# Zoom into city center by specifying X and Y coordinate extent
# These values should be given in the units that our data is presented (here decimal degrees)
xmin, xmax = 24.92, 24.98
ymin, ymax = 60.15, 60.18

# Plot the map again
ax = join2.plot(column="building_left", cmap="RdYlBu", figsize=(12,12), legend=True)

# Control and set the x and y limits for the axis
ax.set_xlim([xmin, xmax])
ax.set_ylim([ymin, ymax])

(60.15, 60.18)

Now it is much easier to see how the building types are distributed in the city. To get a bit more context to our visualizaton. Let’s also add roads with our buildings. To do that we first need to extract the roads from OSM:

# Get roads (retrieves walkable roads by default)
roads = osm.get_network()

Now we can continue and add the roads as a layer to our visualization with gray line color:

# Zoom into city center by specifying X and Y coordinate extent
# These values should be given in the units that our data is presented (here decimal degrees)
xmin, xmax = 24.92, 24.98
ymin, ymax = 60.15, 60.18

# Plot the map again
ax = join2.plot(column="building_left", cmap="RdYlBu", figsize=(12,12), legend=True)

# Plot the roads into the same axis
ax = roads.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor="gray", linewidth=0.75)

# Control and set the x and y limits for the axis
ax.set_xlim([xmin, xmax])
ax.set_ylim([ymin, ymax])

(60.15, 60.18)

Perfect! Now it is much easier to understand our map because the roads brought much more context (assuming you know Helsinki). We ware able to add the roads to the same map by specifying the ax parameter to point to the axis that we received when first plotting the join2 (i.e. selected buildings). In a similar manner, you can add as many layers in your map as you wish. Let’s still do a small visual trick and specify that the background color in our map is black instead of white. This can be done easily by changing the style of matplotlib visualization renderer:

# Import matplotlib pyplot and use a dark_background theme
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.style.use("dark_background")

# Zoom into city center by specifying X and Y coordinate extent
# These values should be given in the units that our data is presented (here decimal degrees)
xmin, xmax = 24.92, 24.98
ymin, ymax = 60.15, 60.18

# Plot the map again
ax = join2.plot(column="building_left", cmap="RdYlBu", figsize=(12,12), legend=True)

# Plot the roads into the same axis
ax = roads.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor="gray", linewidth=0.75)

# Control and set the x and y limits for the axis
ax.set_xlim([xmin, xmax])
ax.set_ylim([ymin, ymax])

(60.15, 60.18)

Awesome! Now we have a nice dark theme with our map. With this information you should be able to get going with Exercise 1.

Further information

For further information, we recommend checking the materials from Automating GIS Processes -course (GIS things) and Geo-Python -course (intro to Python and data analysis with pandas). In addition, we always recommend to check the latest documentation from the websites of the libraries:

• geopandas

• pyrosm

• matplotlib

• pandas